The Omicron variant of Covid-19 is creating an obstacle course for the global economy, which will slow growth this year, notably in the world's two largest economies, the International Monetary Fund said Tuesday.
In addition, the multilateral lender forecast that Argentina's gross domestic product will improve by three percent in 2022 and by 2.5 percent in the following year, while warning that the risk of high inflation "becoming entrenched" is a real threat to the national economy.
In its latest quarterly report, the Washington-based crisis lender cut its world GDP forecast for 2022 to 4.4 percent – half a point lower than last October's estimate – due to the "impediments" caused by the latest outbreak, although those are expected to begin to fade in the second quarter of the year.
"The global economy enters 2022 in a weaker position than previously expected," the Fund said in its latest World Economic Outlook report, adding that "the emergence of the Omicron variant in late November threatens to set back this tentative path to recovery."
The outlook remains beset by risks, including geopolitical tensions and a wave of price increases hitting consumers and businesses that is expected to last longer than previously expected.
After the solid recovery last year when the global economy grew an estimated 5.9 percent, the IMF cut projections for nearly every country – with India a notable exception – but it was the downgrades to the United States and China that had the biggest impact.
"These impediments are expected to weigh on growth in the first quarter of 2022," the report said. "The negative impact is expected to fade starting in the second quarter, assuming that the global surge in Omicron infections abates and the virus does not mutate into new variants that require further mobility restrictions."
The Fund once again stressed that controlling the pandemic is critical to the economic outlook and urged widespread vaccinations in developing nations, which have fallen short even as advanced economies have moved to deploying booster shots among their already highly-vaccinated populations.
"Bold and effective international cooperation should ensure that this is the year the world escapes the grip of the pandemic," Gita Gopinath, the IMF's newly-installed first deputy managing director, told reporters.
She said the cumulative economic losses inflicted by the pandemic over the five years through 2024 are expected to total nearly US$14 trillion, compared to the pre-pandemic forecasts.
US, China slowdown
The biggest drag on the global outlook is the sharp slowing in the United States and China, including factors beyond the impact of the virus.
With US President Joe Biden's massive social spending plan stalled in Congress, the IMF subtracted the expected growth impact the programme would have had on the economy.
Together with the supply chain snarls that have beset US businesses and manufacturing, these factors slashed 1.2 percentage points off GDP, which is now expected to expand four percent this year, the IMF said.
While that is a historically high rate for the world's largest economy, it is far slower than the 5.6 percent expansion in 2021.
Meanwhile, China's "zero-tolerance Covid-19 policy" has contributed to a slowdown in the Asian power, and the fund cut 0.8 points off expected growth for this year to 4.8 percent, the report said.
"China's downgrade reflects continued retrenchment of the real estate sector and weaker than expected recovery in private consumption," Gopinath said.
In an interview with AFP, Gopinath said it might be time for Beijing to "recalibrate" its strict stance, which "has an effect on economic activity, especially private consumption."
Other major economies suffered sharp downgrades amid the ongoing pandemic disruptions, including a 0.8-point cut for Germany. India, however, saw a 0.5-point upgrade to nine percent, and Japan saw a more modest improvement for growth of 3.3 percent, the IMF said.
Growth projections for Latin America and the Caribbean were also cut, with 1.2-point deductions for Brazil and Mexico, whose economies are now forecast to improve by only 0.3 percent and 2.8 percent respectively.
"We have a significant downgrade for both Brazil and Mexico," Gopinath told reporters, who said that factors such as inflation, supply chain disruptions and Omicron were behind the alteration.
Regional GDP will expand by only 2.4 percent, said the Fund, down by 0.6 points on its previous estimate.
The global outlook for 2023 is somewhat improved, "However not enough to make up ground lost due to the downgrade to 2022."
In 2023, the IMF expects GDP in Latin America and the Caribbean to grow by 2.6 percent.
Inflation flares, rates rise
A key challenge facing the global economy is the surge in prices, especially energy and food.
But even excluding those items, so-called core inflation in the United States is still projected to finish 2022 around 3.4 percent, well above the Federal Reserve's two percent target, Gopinath said.
Supply chain issues caused by the pandemic should begin to ease in the second half of the year, but "inflation, even though it's declining, it will be high," she said in the interview.
The phenomenon is expected to bring more aggressive action by key central banks like the US Federal Reserve, which will raise borrowing costs worldwide, hindering recovery efforts, particularly in indebted developing nations.
The WEO baseline assumes the Fed will hike the benchmark interest rate three times this year and three in 2023.
But Gopinath cautioned that "higher inflation surprises in the US could elicit aggressive monetary tightening by the Federal Reserve and sharply tightening global financial conditions."
Inflation is expected to average 3.9 percent in advanced economies and 5.9 percent in emerging market and developing economies in 2022, before subsiding in 2023.
– TIMES/AFP [Reporting by Heather Scott]
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